A sizable variety of complex glycan structures, a lot of of that are immunogenic in infected hosts and happen to be proposed to play critical roles in the immunobiology of infections (Cummings and Nyame 1996; Van Die and Cummings 2010; Meevissen et al. 2012b; Van Diepen et al. 2012). Schistosomederived glycans have several structural characteristics which are distinct from mammalian cell derived glycans (Nyame et al. 2004; Hokke et al. 2007), such as the lack of sialic acid residues, which are widespread terminal sugar residues on mammalian cell glycoconjugates (Nyame et al. 1987; Nyame et al. 2004). Additionally, many schistosome Nglycans have outer branches containing the LacdiNAc [LDN; GalNAc14Nacetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)R] backbone rather than the lactosamine [LN; Galactose (Gal)14GlcNAcR] structure normally discovered on mammalian glycans (Srivatsan et al. 1992b; Srivatsan et al. 1994; Nyame et al. 1999; Van Die and Cummings 2010). Such LDN structures could be modified further with fucose (Fuc) residues in pretty unusual linkages to yield a sizable assortment of novel fucosylated LDN structures (Cummings and Nyame 1999; Wuhrer et al. 2002; JangLee et al. 2007; Van Die and Cummings 2010; Van Diepen et al. 2012). Though the lactosaminetype sequences in schistosome glycans are significantly less widespread, they typically occur in outer branches of Nglycans inside polyNacetyllactosamine ( polyLN) sequences. These are generally additional modified with Fuc residues in 13 linkages to yield terminal Lewis x antigens (Lex; Gal14(Fuc13)GlcNAcR) and socalled “polyLewis x” ( polyLex; R3Gal14(Fuc13)GlcNAc1R) structures comprised of both terminal Lex and socalled “internal” Lexrelated glycan determinants (Ko et al. 1990; Srivatsan et al. 1992a; Van Dam et al. 1996). Present proof making use of available1 To whom correspondence must be addressed: Tel: 14106516047; Fax: 14106517739; e-mail: [email protected] (A.K.N.); Tel: 14047275962; Fax: 14047272738; e mail: [email protected] (R.D.C.)The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected] Mandalasi et al.monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the Lex antigen suggests that Lex expression and localization in S.Buy876379-79-2 mansoni are developmentally regulated in that the intramolluscan stages, mother and daughter sporocysts, do not express Lex (Nyame et al.4-Fluoro-3-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline Chemical name 2002).PMID:24458656 Lex appears to be expressed by cercariae, the infective prevertebrate stage larvae, but expression may well be restricted to secretions inside the acetabular gland of cercariae, and Lex seems undetectable around the surface in the infective larvae (Van Remoortere et al. 2000). Transformation of cercariae to schistosomula that results from contact with all the vertebrate hosts is accompanied by a low expression of Lex glycans on the surface from the juveniles as well as the expression increases as the parasites mature from schistosomula to adults, which very express Lex glycan determinants on their surfaces (Koster and Strand 1994; Nyame et al. 2003). Lex determinants are also present on membrane and secreted glycoconjugates from schistosome eggs and represent a significant supply of Lex antigens released into physique fluids of infected people (Robijn et al. 2007). Interestingly, Lex expression seems restricted amongst trematodes and nematodes (Nyame et al. 1998). Hence far, the only other helminth known to express Lex determinants may be the bovine lung nematode, Dictyocaulus viviparus, which synthesize Nglycans with Lex determinants in outer branches (Haslam et al. 20.
